INDEX
Abbot, E. V., on natural rights, 339-340
Adams, John, on natural rights, 54
Adams, Samuel, on natural rights, 54
Ahrens, Heinrich, on natural law, 239-240
Althusius, on distinction between king and tyrant, 16
Anglo-Americans, legal points of view of, 44-47
Appendix, on natural law phrases used by Supreme Court, 232-234
Aquinas, Thomas, on natural law, 13, 14, 278
Arbitrary acts, held void by courts, 166-172
Aristotle, on distinction between fundamental and ordinary laws, 6, 7; dualism of, 6, 7, 23
Austin, John, opposition to natural rights, 71
Bacon, Sir Francis, on law of nature, 35
Baudry-Lacantinerie, G., on natural law, 320
Becker, Carl, on anti-natural rights' doctrine, 66
Bentham, on natural law doctrines, 68
Beudant, on natural rights, 243
Bill of rights, in British North America Act, 83
Bingham, John A., draft of due process of law clause by, 144
Blackstone, Sir William, on natural law in Commentaries, 38, 39, 56, 57
Blatchford, Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 155
Bodin, Jean, theory of sovereignty of, 20, 21, 60
Boistel, on natural law, 242, 243
Bossuet, advocate of force theory, 61
Bracton, use of Roman concepts of natural law, 32, 33
Bradley, Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 156, 157, 204
Brandeis, Justice, on rule of reason, 190, 191; on fundamental rights, 194
Brewer, Justice, on protection of property rights, 134, 135; on natural justice, 176; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 201, 202; on duty of courts to protect property, 223
Brown, Justice, on Duguit's theories, 272
Brown, Ray A., on cases under due process clause, 184, 185
Butler, Justice, on rule of reason, 190
Canon law, natural law in, 13
Cardozo, Benjamin N., on natural law theories, 70; on use of natural law, 326; on modern law of nature, 329, 330
Carlyle, R. W. and A. J., on concept of jus naturale, 11, 13
Cathrein, Victor, on natural law, 286-288
Charmont, Joseph, on natural law, 258-260
Chase, Justice Salmon P., on immutable fundamental rights, 174
Chase, Justice Samuel, higher law ideas, 86, 87, 110, 138
Cicero, on law of nature, 9, 10
Clifford, Justice, on legislative supremacy, 153, 154
Coke, Sir Edward, on doctrine of superior principles of right and justice, 33, 56, 57; opinion in Bonham's Case, 33-35; on Magna Carta as fundamental law, 37, 38; on due process of law, 107
Cole, Justice, on judicial review, 126
Collins, Charles W., cases under Fourteenth Amendment, 183
Comte, Auguste, on natural rights, 69
Conservatism, in Supreme Court decisions, 137-139
Constant, Benjamin, on limitations upon sovereignty, 238, 239
Constitutions, limits on power to amend, 336-342
Cooley, Thomas M., on meaning of due process of law, 116, 117; on implied limitations on legislatures, 116n, 138; Constitutional Limitations cited, 116, 117, 118, 119; Law of Taxation cited, 117, 129; on superior law principles, 118, 119; on public purpose as principle in taxation, 127-130; on public purpose as requirement for exercise of eminent domain, 133; on bills of rights, 171; on limits on amending power, 337
Corwin, Edward S., on judicial review in New York, 205, 206
Dalloz, summary of natural rights in, 240, 241
Declaration of Independence, natural rights' doctrine in, 54; Constitution and, 201
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 63-65
Demogue, R., on natural law, 260
Dewey, John, on immutable rules, 222, 223
Dicey, A. V., on judicial legislation, 224, 225; on supremacy of law, 226
Dickinson, Thomas, on recognition of rights by charters, 54, 55
Digest and Institutes, natural law in, 10, 11
Dillon, John F., on implied limits on legislatures, 125-127, 138; on necessity of checks upon majority, 151
Due process of law, different meanings of, 104-107; in English law, 104, 105; in Massachusetts constitution, 105; in Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, 106; applied by state justices, 108-116; concepts involved in, 113, 114; economic conditions and, 119-122; reactionary tendencies and, 122-139; Fourteenth Amendment and, 143-165; as applied to regulation of public utilities, 154-159; general rule of reason and, 166-195; fundamental rights and, 172-177; police regulations and, 177-182; extension of meaning of, 182, 185 Duguit, Léon, on theories of natural law, 260-273
Ehrlich, Eugen, on natural law, 248
Eminent domain, public purpose limitation for, 131-134; limitations on exercise of, in foreign countries, 135, 136
Esmein, M., on natural rights, 335
Federalists, the, aims of, 96, 97; on limiting legislative activities, 97-99
Field, Justice, on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 146, 148; on fundamental rights, 160, 161; on inalienable rights, 174; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 199, 200.
Fourteenth Amendment, due process of law and, 143-165; restricted interpretation of, 145-149; change in interpretation of, due to economic and political pressure, 149-154; summary of decisions under, for 1924, 234
French parlements, guardians of fundamental laws, 62, 63
Fundamental law, English doctrines of, 29-39
Fundamental rights, acts contravening, are void, 172-177
Gaius, on natural law, 10
Gavet, Gaston, on natural rights, 271
Geny, Francois, on Stammler's theories, 250; on natural law, 288-293
Gibson, Justice, on reasoning of Marshall, 81, 82
Gierke, Otto, on higher law theories, 244-246
Gray. Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 155
Grotius, Hugo, doctrines of natural law of, 18, 19; on state of nature, 51, 52; doctrines of, cited, 92
Guillemon, Pierre, on higher laws, 270- 271
Guizot, F. P., on higher law, 59
Haldane, Lord, on relation of moral ideas to law, 313, 314
Harlan, Justice, on requirement for compensation in eminent domain proceedings, 133, 134; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 200, 201
Hauriou, M., on superior law doctrines, 273, 274
Hegel, G. W. F., on natural rights, 69; theories of law of, 237, 238
Henry, Patrick, on natural rights, 54
Higher law theories, in mediaeval thought, 14, 15; in England, 29-48; as basis for review of legislative acts by courts, 80-85; in recent Supreme Court decisions, 185-193; limits on state sovereignty and, 331-336
Higher laws, as guide to legislators, 323-331
Hobbes, Thomas, distinction between ius naturale and lex naturalis, 21
Holdsworth, William E., on Magna Carta, 30; on equity and law of reason, 32; on political functions exercised by courts, 33; on Coke's dicta in Bonham's Case, 35; on supremacy of parliament, 35, 37, 38
Holland, J. G., on supremacy of parliament, 34n, 37, 38
Holmes, Justice, on conservative attitude of lawyers, 152; on due process of law, 171; dissent in Minimum Wage Case, 187; on legislative supremacy, 192
Hosmer, Chief Justice, on protecting vested rights, 94, 95; on implied limits on legislatures, 110
Hough, Justice, on litigation under due process of law, 153, 184
Houques-Fouciade, M., on natural law, 320
Ihering, Rudolf von, on higher law philosophy, 246, 247
Inalienable rights, American theories of, 52-56
International law, natural law theories in, 294-302
Isadore of Seville, on natural law, 12, 13
Jefferson, Thomas, use of natural rights' doctrine, 54, 57; natural rights' theories of, discredited, 65
Jenks, Edward, on Magna Carta, 30
John of Salisbury, on distinction between king and tyrant, 16
Johnson, Justice, on higher law, 90, 91; on due process of law, 116, 117
Judicial review of legislation, rate regulation and, 154-160; conservative doctrines and, 198-210; in New York, 205, 206; in Massachusetts, 205, 206
Kant, Immanuel, theories of law of, 237, 238
Kent, Chancellor, on implied limitations on legislatures, 92-94; on public purpose requirement for eminent domain, 131
Kohler, Joseph, on natural law, 247
Krabbe, H., higher law doctrines of, 274-277
Krause, F., on natural law, 239
Laissez faire theories, checks on governmental powers and, 118; individualism and, 121, 122; liberty of contract and, 162; arbitrary wage payment interfered with economic, 186; doctrine of liberty of contract and, 189; Justice Peckham's defense of, 203
Lambert, Edouard, on judicial review in United States, 207, 208
Laski, Harold J., on natural rights, 334, 335
Laurent, on law of nature, 240, 241
Le Fur, Louis, on natural law, 297-300
Legislative supremacy, in state governments, 108, 109
Legislatures, purpose of implied limits on, 95-97
Liberty of contract, as phase of due process of law, 160-164
Lincoln, Abraham, on natural rights, 102
Locke, John, on law of nature, 22, 23; on arbitrary acts of government, 166
McIlwain, C. H., on fundamental laws in England, 29, 31
McKechnie, William S., on Magna Carta, 30, 37
Magna Carta, referred to as fundamental and immutable, 29, 30; law interpreted according to maxims of, 85; "law of land" phrase in, 104, 105;
Fourteenth Amendment called American, 143
Maitland, F. W., on law of nature in development of equity, 32n
Marshall, John, on judicial review, 81, 82; conservative legal theories of, 196, 197
Mason, Justice, on natural rights, 114, 115
Michel, Henri, on natural rights, 243
Middle Ages, natural law in, 12-17
Miller, Justice, on implied limitations on legislatures, 130, 138, 153; on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 147; on immutable fundamental rights, 174
Moody, Justice, on inalienable rights, 176
Mott, Rodney L., on due process of law, 107n, 108n
Natural law, Graeco-Roman concepts of, 4-12, 24-27; German current views on, 246-251; metaphysical and theological types of, 278-293; ethical concepts and, 310-316; Dean Pound on types of, 311, 315; philosophical standards and, 316-323
Natural law concepts, denial of the application of, 75-77
Natural law ideas, types of, in ancient and mediaeval times, 24-27; in English law, 43, 44; American, 57-59, 216-219
Natural law theories, ancient and mediaeval, 3-27; in English judicial decisions, 39-43; in relation to natural rights, 49-52; American, 52-59; French, 59-65; in American law, 77-80; return to, 99-103; due process of law and, 104-139; economic and legal bases for, 117-122; judicial review of legislative acts and, 196-234; purpose of, in American constitutional law, 210-216; American political and legal conservatism and, 210-232; continuance of, in Europe, 237-244; German doctrine of a Rechtsstaat and, 244-251, European, 302-306; objectives in, 309-336; main types of, 345-349
Natural rights, decline of theories of, 65-72; ideas on, in colonial times, 78-80
Nesbitt, James L., on due process of law, 180-181
Otis, James, on natural rights, 54
Paine, Thomas, on natural rights, 54, 57
Paterson, Justice, on natural rights, 89
Peckham, Justice, on rule of reason, 178; conservative doctrines of, in Supreme Court decisions, 202, 203
Permanent Court of International Justice, general principles of law and, 324, 325
Physiocrats, theories of natural rights of, 60, 61
Pike, L. O., on Magna Carta, 30
Plucknett, Theodore, F. T., on English fundamental ideas, 31
Police regulations, reasonableness of, 177-182
Pollock, Sir Frederick, on supremacy of parliament, 34n, 37, 38; on natural law doctrines in English law, 39-41; on law of nature, 301, 330
Pound, Roscoe, on metaphysical jurists, 279; on types of natural law, 311, 315
Powell, Thomas Reed, on interpretation
Pufendorf, Samuel, on law of nature, 22; on state of nature, 51, 52; doctrines of, cited, 92
Quesnay, on higher law, 60
Radbruch, Gustav, on natural law, 296
Ranke, on natural rights, 69
Reasonableness, standards of, for valid customs, 15; Justice Stone on doctrines of, in Anti-Trust Cases, 194, 195; as standard in judicial review of legislation. 166-195; use of in recent Supreme Court decisions, 232-234
Rechtsstaat, German doctrine of, 244-246
Reformation, theories of natural law and, 17-24
Renan, on natural rights, 69
Riddell, Justice, on eminent domain proceedings in Canada, 136
Roman praetors, ideas of natural justice of, 7, 8
Roosevelt, Theodore, on judicial law-making, 327
Root, Elihu, on limitations on amending power, 339
Rule of reason, due process of law and, 166-195; in recent Supreme Court decisions, 232-234
Saleilles, Raymond, on natural law, 252-258; on Duguit's theories, 272
Salmond, John W., on differences between English and Continental points of view, 46, 47; on natural law, 76
Sanford, Justice, on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 193
Savigny, on natural rights, 69, 70
Schiffer, Eugen, on natural law, 296, 297
Seneca, on doctrine of equality, 19, 55
Social compact theory, 86, 87
Social-Utilitarians, repudiation of natural rights' theory by, 68
Sophists, legal theories of, 5, 6
Sophocles, idea of higher laws of, 5
Sovereignty, in Greek thought, 7; higher law theories and limits on, 331- 336
Stammler, Rudolf, on natural law, 248-250
Stoics, concepts of natural law of, 7-10
Stone, Justice, on doctrine of reasonableness in Anti-Trust Cases, 194-195
Story, Justice, on implied limitations on legislatures, 94, 95, 173; conservative legal theories and, 196, 197; on limits on amending power, 337
Strong, Justice, on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 148
Super-constitution, created by courts, 227
Sutherland, Justice, on meaning of due process of law, 185, 186, 192
Taft, Chief Justice, on meaning of due process of law, 170; dissent in Minimum Wage Case, 186
Thayer, James Bradley, on judicial review, 227-229
Troeltsch, Ernst, on natural law, 288
Ulpian, on types of natural law, 10, 11
Van Buren, Martin, on Federalist policies, 96
Vattel, on law of nature, 50-52
Vecchio, Georgio del, on natural law, 279-286
Vested rights, limits on legislatures to protect, 88-95; Marshall on preserving, 90, 91; Kent on preserving, 92-94; Story on preserving, 94, 95; Hosmer on preserving, 94, 95; New York courts, on preserving, 99-101
Vinogradoff, Sir Paul, on interpretation of Magna Carta, 30; on modern revival of natural law, 317-319; on natural rights, 335
Waite, Chief Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 155 of due process of law, 215, 216
Washington, Justice, on fundamental rights, 173
Webster, Daniel, on due process of law, 112, 116; conservative legal theories and, 106, 197
William of Ockham, classification of natural law by, 17
Wilson, James, on law of nature, 55
Wohlgemuth, M., on higher laws, 269, 270
Wolff, Frederick von, on natural law, 50; on state of nature, 51, 52
Wright, B. F., on American theory of natural rights, 67, 68
Zane, John M., on natural law school, 77
Zeno, on natural law, 8, 9
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