INDEX Abbot, E. V., on natural rights, 339-340 Adams, John, on natural rights, 54 Adams, Samuel, on natural rights, 54 Ahrens, Heinrich, on natural law, 239-240 Althusius, on distinction between king and tyrant, 16 Anglo-Americans, legal points of view of, 44-47 Appendix, on natural law phrases used by Supreme Court, 232-234 Aquinas, Thomas, on natural law, 13, 14, 278 Arbitrary acts, held void by courts, 166-172 Aristotle, on distinction between fundamental and ordinary laws, 6, 7; dualism of, 6, 7, 23 Austin, John, opposition to natural rights, 71 Bacon, Sir Francis, on law of nature, 35 Baudry-Lacantinerie, G., on natural law, 320 Becker, Carl, on anti-natural rights' doctrine, 66 Bentham, on natural law doctrines, 68 Beudant, on natural rights, 243 Bill of rights, in British North America Act, 83 Bingham, John A., draft of due process of law clause by, 144 Blackstone, Sir William, on natural law in Commentaries, 38, 39, 56, 57 Blatchford, Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 155 Bodin, Jean, theory of sovereignty of, 20, 21, 60 Boistel, on natural law, 242, 243 Bossuet, advocate of force theory, 61 Bracton, use of Roman concepts of natural law, 32, 33 Bradley, Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 156, 157, 204 Brandeis, Justice, on rule of reason, 190, 191; on fundamental rights, 194 Brewer, Justice, on protection of property rights, 134, 135; on natural justice, 176; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 201, 202; on duty of courts to protect property, 223 Brown, Justice, on Duguit's theories, 272 Brown, Ray A., on cases under due process clause, 184, 185 Butler, Justice, on rule of reason, 190 Canon law, natural law in, 13 Cardozo, Benjamin N., on natural law theories, 70; on use of natural law, 326; on modern law of nature, 329, 330 Carlyle, R. W. and A. J., on concept of jus naturale, 11, 13 Cathrein, Victor, on natural law, 286-288 Charmont, Joseph, on natural law, 258-260 Chase, Justice Salmon P., on immutable fundamental rights, 174 Chase, Justice Samuel, higher law ideas, 86, 87, 110, 138 Cicero, on law of nature, 9, 10 Clifford, Justice, on legislative supremacy, 153, 154 Coke, Sir Edward, on doctrine of superior principles of right and justice, 33, 56, 57; opinion in Bonham's Case, 33-35; on Magna Carta as fundamental law, 37, 38; on due process of law, 107 Cole, Justice, on judicial review, 126 Collins, Charles W., cases under Fourteenth Amendment, 183 Comte, Auguste, on natural rights, 69 Conservatism, in Supreme Court decisions, 137-139 Constant, Benjamin, on limitations upon sovereignty, 238, 239 Constitutions, limits on power to amend, 336-342 Cooley, Thomas M., on meaning of due process of law, 116, 117; on implied limitations on legislatures, 116n, 138; Constitutional Limitations cited, 116, 117, 118, 119; Law of Taxation cited, 117, 129; on superior law principles, 118, 119; on public purpose as principle in taxation, 127-130; on public purpose as requirement for exercise of eminent domain, 133; on bills of rights, 171; on limits on amending power, 337 Corwin, Edward S., on judicial review in New York, 205, 206 Dalloz, summary of natural rights in, 240, 241 Declaration of Independence, natural rights' doctrine in, 54; Constitution and, 201 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 63-65 Demogue, R., on natural law, 260 Dewey, John, on immutable rules, 222, 223 Dicey, A. V., on judicial legislation, 224, 225; on supremacy of law, 226 Dickinson, Thomas, on recognition of rights by charters, 54, 55 Digest and Institutes, natural law in, 10, 11 Dillon, John F., on implied limits on legislatures, 125-127, 138; on necessity of checks upon majority, 151 Due process of law, different meanings of, 104-107; in English law, 104, 105; in Massachusetts constitution, 105; in Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, 106; applied by state justices, 108-116; concepts involved in, 113, 114; economic conditions and, 119-122; reactionary tendencies and, 122-139; Fourteenth Amendment and, 143-165; as applied to regulation of public utilities, 154-159; general rule of reason and, 166-195; fundamental rights and, 172-177; police regulations and, 177-182; extension of meaning of, 182, 185 Duguit, Léon, on theories of natural law, 260-273 Ehrlich, Eugen, on natural law, 248 Eminent domain, public purpose limitation for, 131-134; limitations on exercise of, in foreign countries, 135, 136 Esmein, M., on natural rights, 335 Federalists, the, aims of, 96, 97; on limiting legislative activities, 97-99 Field, Justice, on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 146, 148; on fundamental rights, 160, 161; on inalienable rights, 174; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 199, 200. Fourteenth Amendment, due process of law and, 143-165; restricted interpretation of, 145-149; change in interpretation of, due to economic and political pressure, 149-154; summary of decisions under, for 1924, 234 French parlements, guardians of fundamental laws, 62, 63 Fundamental law, English doctrines of, 29-39 Fundamental rights, acts contravening, are void, 172-177 Gaius, on natural law, 10 Gavet, Gaston, on natural rights, 271 Geny, Francois, on Stammler's theories, 250; on natural law, 288-293 Gibson, Justice, on reasoning of Marshall, 81, 82 Gierke, Otto, on higher law theories, 244-246 Gray. Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 155 Grotius, Hugo, doctrines of natural law of, 18, 19; on state of nature, 51, 52; doctrines of, cited, 92 Guillemon, Pierre, on higher laws, 270- 271 Guizot, F. P., on higher law, 59 Haldane, Lord, on relation of moral ideas to law, 313, 314 Harlan, Justice, on requirement for compensation in eminent domain proceedings, 133, 134; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 200, 201 Hauriou, M., on superior law doctrines, 273, 274 Hegel, G. W. F., on natural rights, 69; theories of law of, 237, 238 Henry, Patrick, on natural rights, 54 Higher law theories, in mediaeval thought, 14, 15; in England, 29-48; as basis for review of legislative acts by courts, 80-85; in recent Supreme Court decisions, 185-193; limits on state sovereignty and, 331-336 Higher laws, as guide to legislators, 323-331 Hobbes, Thomas, distinction between ius naturale and lex naturalis, 21 Holdsworth, William E., on Magna Carta, 30; on equity and law of reason, 32; on political functions exercised by courts, 33; on Coke's dicta in Bonham's Case, 35; on supremacy of parliament, 35, 37, 38 Holland, J. G., on supremacy of parliament, 34n, 37, 38 Holmes, Justice, on conservative attitude of lawyers, 152; on due process of law, 171; dissent in Minimum Wage Case, 187; on legislative supremacy, 192 Hosmer, Chief Justice, on protecting vested rights, 94, 95; on implied limits on legislatures, 110 Hough, Justice, on litigation under due process of law, 153, 184 Houques-Fouciade, M., on natural law, 320 Ihering, Rudolf von, on higher law philosophy, 246, 247 Inalienable rights, American theories of, 52-56 International law, natural law theories in, 294-302 Isadore of Seville, on natural law, 12, 13 Jefferson, Thomas, use of natural rights' doctrine, 54, 57; natural rights' theories of, discredited, 65 Jenks, Edward, on Magna Carta, 30 John of Salisbury, on distinction between king and tyrant, 16 Johnson, Justice, on higher law, 90, 91; on due process of law, 116, 117 Judicial review of legislation, rate regulation and, 154-160; conservative doctrines and, 198-210; in New York, 205, 206; in Massachusetts, 205, 206 Kant, Immanuel, theories of law of, 237, 238 Kent, Chancellor, on implied limitations on legislatures, 92-94; on public purpose requirement for eminent domain, 131 Kohler, Joseph, on natural law, 247 Krabbe, H., higher law doctrines of, 274-277 Krause, F., on natural law, 239 Laissez faire theories, checks on governmental powers and, 118; individualism and, 121, 122; liberty of contract and, 162; arbitrary wage payment interfered with economic, 186; doctrine of liberty of contract and, 189; Justice Peckham's defense of, 203 Lambert, Edouard, on judicial review in United States, 207, 208 Laski, Harold J., on natural rights, 334, 335 Laurent, on law of nature, 240, 241 Le Fur, Louis, on natural law, 297-300 Legislative supremacy, in state governments, 108, 109 Legislatures, purpose of implied limits on, 95-97 Liberty of contract, as phase of due process of law, 160-164 Lincoln, Abraham, on natural rights, 102 Locke, John, on law of nature, 22, 23; on arbitrary acts of government, 166 McIlwain, C. H., on fundamental laws in England, 29, 31 McKechnie, William S., on Magna Carta, 30, 37 Magna Carta, referred to as fundamental and immutable, 29, 30; law interpreted according to maxims of, 85; "law of land" phrase in, 104, 105; Fourteenth Amendment called American, 143 Maitland, F. W., on law of nature in development of equity, 32n Marshall, John, on judicial review, 81, 82; conservative legal theories of, 196, 197 Mason, Justice, on natural rights, 114, 115 Michel, Henri, on natural rights, 243 Middle Ages, natural law in, 12-17 Miller, Justice, on implied limitations on legislatures, 130, 138, 153; on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 147; on immutable fundamental rights, 174 Moody, Justice, on inalienable rights, 176 Mott, Rodney L., on due process of law, 107n, 108n Natural law, Graeco-Roman concepts of, 4-12, 24-27; German current views on, 246-251; metaphysical and theological types of, 278-293; ethical concepts and, 310-316; Dean Pound on types of, 311, 315; philosophical standards and, 316-323 Natural law concepts, denial of the application of, 75-77 Natural law ideas, types of, in ancient and mediaeval times, 24-27; in English law, 43, 44; American, 57-59, 216-219 Natural law theories, ancient and mediaeval, 3-27; in English judicial decisions, 39-43; in relation to natural rights, 49-52; American, 52-59; French, 59-65; in American law, 77-80; return to, 99-103; due process of law and, 104-139; economic and legal bases for, 117-122; judicial review of legislative acts and, 196-234; purpose of, in American constitutional law, 210-216; American political and legal conservatism and, 210-232; continuance of, in Europe, 237-244; German doctrine of a Rechtsstaat and, 244-251, European, 302-306; objectives in, 309-336; main types of, 345-349 Natural rights, decline of theories of, 65-72; ideas on, in colonial times, 78-80 Nesbitt, James L., on due process of law, 180-181 Otis, James, on natural rights, 54 Paine, Thomas, on natural rights, 54, 57 Paterson, Justice, on natural rights, 89 Peckham, Justice, on rule of reason, 178; conservative doctrines of, in Supreme Court decisions, 202, 203 Permanent Court of International Justice, general principles of law and, 324, 325 Physiocrats, theories of natural rights of, 60, 61 Pike, L. O., on Magna Carta, 30 Plucknett, Theodore, F. T., on English fundamental ideas, 31 Police regulations, reasonableness of, 177-182 Pollock, Sir Frederick, on supremacy of parliament, 34n, 37, 38; on natural law doctrines in English law, 39-41; on law of nature, 301, 330 Pound, Roscoe, on metaphysical jurists, 279; on types of natural law, 311, 315 Powell, Thomas Reed, on interpretation Pufendorf, Samuel, on law of nature, 22; on state of nature, 51, 52; doctrines of, cited, 92 Quesnay, on higher law, 60 Radbruch, Gustav, on natural law, 296 Ranke, on natural rights, 69 Reasonableness, standards of, for valid customs, 15; Justice Stone on doctrines of, in Anti-Trust Cases, 194, 195; as standard in judicial review of legislation. 166-195; use of in recent Supreme Court decisions, 232-234 Rechtsstaat, German doctrine of, 244-246 Reformation, theories of natural law and, 17-24 Renan, on natural rights, 69 Riddell, Justice, on eminent domain proceedings in Canada, 136 Roman praetors, ideas of natural justice of, 7, 8 Roosevelt, Theodore, on judicial law-making, 327 Root, Elihu, on limitations on amending power, 339 Rule of reason, due process of law and, 166-195; in recent Supreme Court decisions, 232-234 Saleilles, Raymond, on natural law, 252-258; on Duguit's theories, 272 Salmond, John W., on differences between English and Continental points of view, 46, 47; on natural law, 76 Sanford, Justice, on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 193 Savigny, on natural rights, 69, 70 Schiffer, Eugen, on natural law, 296, 297 Seneca, on doctrine of equality, 19, 55 Social compact theory, 86, 87 Social-Utilitarians, repudiation of natural rights' theory by, 68 Sophists, legal theories of, 5, 6 Sophocles, idea of higher laws of, 5 Sovereignty, in Greek thought, 7; higher law theories and limits on, 331- 336 Stammler, Rudolf, on natural law, 248-250 Stoics, concepts of natural law of, 7-10 Stone, Justice, on doctrine of reasonableness in Anti-Trust Cases, 194-195 Story, Justice, on implied limitations on legislatures, 94, 95, 173; conservative legal theories and, 196, 197; on limits on amending power, 337 Strong, Justice, on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 148 Super-constitution, created by courts, 227 Sutherland, Justice, on meaning of due process of law, 185, 186, 192 Taft, Chief Justice, on meaning of due process of law, 170; dissent in Minimum Wage Case, 186 Thayer, James Bradley, on judicial review, 227-229 Troeltsch, Ernst, on natural law, 288 Ulpian, on types of natural law, 10, 11 Van Buren, Martin, on Federalist policies, 96 Vattel, on law of nature, 50-52 Vecchio, Georgio del, on natural law, 279-286 Vested rights, limits on legislatures to protect, 88-95; Marshall on preserving, 90, 91; Kent on preserving, 92-94; Story on preserving, 94, 95; Hosmer on preserving, 94, 95; New York courts, on preserving, 99-101 Vinogradoff, Sir Paul, on interpretation of Magna Carta, 30; on modern revival of natural law, 317-319; on natural rights, 335 Waite, Chief Justice, on judicial review of rate regulation, 155 of due process of law, 215, 216 Washington, Justice, on fundamental rights, 173 Webster, Daniel, on due process of law, 112, 116; conservative legal theories and, 106, 197 William of Ockham, classification of natural law by, 17 Wilson, James, on law of nature, 55 Wohlgemuth, M., on higher laws, 269, 270 Wolff, Frederick von, on natural law, 50; on state of nature, 51, 52 Wright, B. F., on American theory of natural rights, 67, 68 Zane, John M., on natural law school, 77 Zeno, on natural law, 8, 9