Portrait of Alexander HamiltonPortrait of James MadisonPortrait of John Jay
Alexander HamiltonJames MadisonJohn Jay

The Federalist

The text of this version is primarily taken from the first collected 1788 "McLean edition", but spelling and punctuation have been modernized, and some glaring errors -- mainly printer's lapses -- have been corrected. The main heads have also been taken from that edition and a few later ones, except where the head was something like "The Same Subject Continued" we have repeated the previous heading and appended "(continued)", so that each document can better stand alone. We have been guided by the excellent edition by Jacob E. Cooke, Wesleyan University Press, 1961. The footnotes are those of the authors, except where the original edition used a variety of special typographical symbols for superscripts, we use numerals. Editors's footnotes are indicated by being preceded by the letter "E". The original typography used for emphasis, such as all caps or italics, has been used here. We have tried to identify the date of earliest appearance in a newspaper. The newspapers were the Independent Journal [J], the New-York Packet [P], and the Daily Advertiser [A], all based in New York, shown preceding the date. Nos. 78-85 actually first appeared May 28, 1788, in a bound volume published by J. and A. McLean, Federalist II. We have followed the consensus of scholars on attribution of each paper to its primary author, James Madison [M], John Jay [J], or Alexander Hamilton [H], which is shown following the date. Please email comments or corrections to jon.roland@constitution.org.

Contents

1J1787Oct27HGeneral Introduction
2J1787Oct31JConcerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence
3J1787Nov3JConcerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence (continued)
4J1787Nov7JConcerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence (continued)
5J1787Nov10JConcerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence (continued)
6J1787Nov14HConcerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
7J1787Nov15HConcerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States (continued) and Particular Causes Enumerated
8P1787Nov20HConsequences of Hostilities Between the States
9J1787Nov21HThe Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
10A1787Nov22MThe Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection (continued)
11J1787Nov24HThe Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
12P1787Nov27HThe Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue
13J1787Nov28HAdvantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government
14P1787Nov30MObjections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered
15J1787Dec1HInsufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
16P1787Dec4HInsufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (continued)
17J1787Dec5HInsufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (continued)
18P1787Dec7MInsufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (continued)
19J1787Dec8MInsufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (continued)
20P1787Dec11MInsufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (continued)
21J1787Dec12HOther Defects of the Present Confederation
22P1787Dec14HOther Defects of the Present Confederation (continued)
23P1787Dec18HNecessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union
24J1787Dec19HPowers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
25P1787Dec21HPowers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered (continued)
26J1787Dec22HIdea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
27P1787Dec25HIdea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered (continued)
28J1787Dec26HIdea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered (continued)
29J1788Jan9HConcerning the Militia
30P1787Dec28HConcerning the General Power of Taxation
31P1788Jan1HConcerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)
32J1788Jan2HConcerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)
33J1788Jan2HConcerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)
34J1788Jan5HConcerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)
35J1788Jan5HConcerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)
36P1788Jan8HConcerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)
37A1788Jan11MConcerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government
38J1788Jan12MThe Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed
39J1788Jan16MConformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
40P1788Jan18MOn the Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained
41J1788Jan19MGeneral View of the Powers Conferred by The Constitution
42P1788Jan22MThe Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
43J1788Jan23MThe Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered (continued)
44P1788Jan25MRestrictions on the Authority of the Several States
45J1788Jan26MAlleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered
46P1788Jan29MThe Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
47J1788Jan30MThe Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts
48P1788Feb1MThese Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other
49J1788Feb2MMethod of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention
50P1788Feb5MPeriodical Appeals to the People Considered
51J1788Feb6MThe Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments
52P1788Feb8MThe House of Representatives
53J1788Feb9MThe House of Representatives (continued)
54P1788Feb12MApportionment of Members of the House of Representatives Among the States
55J1788Feb13MThe Total Number of the House of Representatives
56J1788Feb16MThe Total Number of the House of Representatives (continued)
57P1788Feb19MThe Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation
58J1788Feb20MObjection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered
59P1788Feb22HConcerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
60J1788Feb23HConcerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members (continued)
61P1788Feb26HConcerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members (continued)
62J1788Feb27MThe Senate
63J1788Mar1MThe Senate (continued)
64J1788Mar5JThe Powers of the Senate
65P1788Mar7HThe Powers of the Senate (continued)
66J1788Mar8HObjections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered
67P1788Mar11HThe Executive Department
68J1788Mar12HThe Mode of Electing the President
69P1788Mar14HThe Real Character of the Executive
70J1788Mar15HThe Executive Department Further Considered
71P1788Mar18HThe Duration in Office of the Executive
72J1788Mar19HThe Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
73P1788Mar21HThe Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
74P1788Mar25HThe Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive
75J1788Mar26HThe Treaty-Making Power of the Executive
76P1788Apr1HThe Appointing Power of the Executive
77J1788Apr2HThe Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
78J1788Jun14HThe Judiciary Department
79J1788Jun18HThe Judiciary Continued
80J1788Jun21HThe Powers of the Judiciary
81J1788Jun25
28		HThe Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
82J1788Jul2HThe Judiciary Continued
83J1788Jul5
9
12		HThe Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
84J1788Jul

Aug		16
26
9		HCertain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered
85J1788Aug13
16		HConcluding Remarks

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Original date: 1996/5/12 —